Quais as diferenças entre câmbio automático e automatizado de dupla embreagem? Quais as vantagens e desvantagens de cada um? - Rosival Messias Neto, por email.
O câmbio é um dos elementos da transmissão. Ele fica entre o motor e as rodas, conectando-se ao primeiro via embreagem (manual e automatizado) ou conversor de torque (automático) e às rodas por meio de eixos e do diferencial. Sua função é permitir que o carro trafegue em diversas condições, como em subidas ou diferentes velocidades.
Automático
Faz as trocas de forma autônoma usando como parâmetros a carga, posição do acelerador e velocidade do veículo. Ele difere do câmbio manual nas engrenagens (planetárias) e também no modo de acoplamento com o motor. No lugar da embreagem, o automático usa um conversor de torque, um dispositivo hidráulico que transmite a força do motor para o câmbio de acordo com a pressão em seu interior.
É um sistema mais maduro que o automatizado de dupla embreagem, e costuma apresentar menos problemas. Quando há uma quebra, porém, o conserto pode ser complexo e caro - algumas marcas terceirizam a assistência de suas caixas automáticas, e simplesmente substituem o componente quando ele apresenta alguma avaria, ao invés de repará-lo.
Automatizado com embreagem dupla
É uma caixa manual, que se diferencia pela adição de um sistema elétrico ou eletro-hidráulico no comando. O acionamento da embreagem e a seleção das marchas são realizados por atuadores, sem a intervenção do motorista. Como o nome diz, este tipo de câmbio possui duas embreagens: uma responde pelas marchas ímpares, outra pelas pares. Dessa forma, ele consegue trocar as relações sem nunca interromper a transmissão da força gerada pelo motor, como acontece no câmbio manual e no automatizado convencional.
Câmbio S tronic automatizado de dupla embreagem | Crédito: Divulgação
As transmissões de dupla embreagem oferecem trocas mais rápidas e menor consumo de combustível que os automáticos convencionais. Porém, é um sistema mais caro, e ainda sofre com algums problemas de confiabilidade - no Brasil, tanto o Powershift da Ford quanto o DSG da VW foram alvos de reclamações de consumidores.
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